Ganglia and autoimmune thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is a chronic condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. This gland, located at the base of the neck, is responsible for the production of thyroid hormones, which are essential for regulating metabolism, energy and many other vital functions.
While the classic symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis are well documented, there is a subtle but important link between the condition and the lymphatic system, particularly the lymph nodes.
In this article, we will explore this link in detail, discuss the importance of correct diagnosis and highlight Elytis' expertise in endocrinology.
What is autoimmune thyroiditis?
Autoimmune thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease, which means that the body's immune system, which normally protects against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses, attacks its own tissues. In autoimmune thyroiditis, the main target is the thyroid gland. This autoimmune attack leads to chronic inflammation and eventually damage to the thyroid gland, which can lead to hypothyroidism (an insufficient production of thyroid hormones).
Symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis
Symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis can vary from person to person and may progress slowly over time. The most common symptoms include:
- Persistent fatigue
- Weight gain
- Cold intolerance
- Constipation
- Dry skin and fragile hair
- Depression
- Muscle and joint pain
- Goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
The link between autoimmune thyroiditis and lymph nodes
The lymphatic system is a complex network of vessels, tissues and organs that helps remove toxins, waste and other unwanted substances from the body. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures located along the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph (a clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system) and contain immune cells that fight infection.
In the context of autoimmune thyroiditis, the link with lymph nodes is complex and involves several factors:
- Inflammation: the autoimmune process in thyroiditis leads to inflammation of the thyroid gland. This inflammation can stimulate nearby lymph nodes, causing them to enlarge. The cervical (neck) lymph nodes are most commonly affected.
- Immune Response: the lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the immune response. In autoimmune thyroiditis, activated immune cells attack the thyroid gland and the lymph nodes become more active in the process. This increased activity can lead to enlarged lymph nodes.
- Cytokines: chronic inflammation in thyroiditis is accompanied by the release of cytokines, signaling molecules that regulate the immune response. These cytokines can affect the lymph nodes, contributing to their enlargement.
The importance of lymph node assessment in autoimmune thyroiditis
Although enlarged lymph nodes are not a specific symptom of autoimmune thyroiditis, their evaluation is important in the context of this condition. Here's why:
- Differential diagnosis: enlarged lymph nodes can be caused by a variety of conditions, including infections, other autoimmune diseases and even cancer. Careful assessment of the lymph nodes helps differentiate autoimmune thyroiditis from other conditions.
- Identifying complications: in rare cases, autoimmune thyroiditis may be associated with other autoimmune conditions or thyroid lymphoma (cancer of the thyroid gland). Lymph node evaluation can help identify these complications.
- Progress monitoring: in some cases, the size of the lymph nodes may vary according to disease activity. Lymph node monitoring can provide information about the progress of autoimmune thyroiditis and the effectiveness of treatment.
Diagnosing autoimmune thyroiditis
Correct diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis is essential to initiate appropriate treatment and prevent complications. The diagnostic process usually involves the following steps:
- History and physical examination: the doctor will discuss your symptoms, medical history and perform a physical examination, including palpation of the thyroid gland and lymph nodes.
- Blood tests: Blood tests are crucial for diagnosing autoimmune thyroiditis. These usually include:
- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone): measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. A high TSH level usually indicates hypothyroidism.
- Free T4 (Free thyroxine): measures the level of free thyroxine, the main thyroid hormone. A low level of free T4 confirms hypothyroidism.
- Anti-TPO antibodies (Anti-Thyperoxidase Antibodies): measures the level of anti-TPO antibodies, which are present in most people with autoimmune thyroiditis.
- Anti-TG antibodies (Anti-Tyroglobulin Antibodies): measures the level of anti-TG antibodies, which may also be present in autoimmune thyroiditis.
- Thyroid ultrasound: thyroid ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging procedure that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the thyroid gland. It can help identify structural changes in the gland, such as enlargement or the presence of nodules.
- Ultrasound-guided thyroid puncture: in some cases, an ultrasound-guided thyroid puncture may be necessary to take a sample of thyroid tissue for analysis. This procedure is usually used to evaluate suspicious thyroid nodules.
Treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis
The main goal of treating autoimmune thyroiditis is to restore and maintain normal thyroid hormone levels. Standard treatment usually involves taking levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroid hormone, to make up for hormone deficiency.
- Levothyroxine: levothyroxine is a safe and effective medicine that replaces thyroid hormones that the thyroid gland no longer produces in sufficient amounts. The dose of levothyroxine is individually adjusted based on the patient's TSH levels and symptoms.
- Monitoring: regular monitoring of TSH levels is important to ensure an optimal dose of levothyroxine. Dose adjustments may be necessary over time.
Endocrinology at Elytis Hospital: expertise and personalized care
At Elytis, we understand the complexity of endocrine disorders, including autoimmune thyroiditis. Our team of experienced endocrinologists offer an integrated and personalized approach to the diagnosis, treatment and management of this condition.
Why choose endocrinology at Elytis?
- Expertise in endocrine disorders: our team of specialists treats a wide range of conditions, including thyroid diseases, pituitary disorders, metabolic disorders, adrenal gland dysfunctions and reproductive problems.
- Accurate investigations: we offer advanced services, such as thyroid ultrasound and thyroid puncture, which allow fast and accurate diagnosis of thyroid nodules and other thyroid problems.
- Personalized approach: each patient benefits from an individualized treatment plan, tailored to their needs and medical history.
- Modern technology: we have state-of-the-art equipment for endocrine investigations, including ultrasound and guided thyroid puncture, ensuring maximum accuracy.
- Continuous monitoring: we provide regular consultations and check-ups to assess the patient's progress and adjust treatments when necessary.
Endocrinology services at Elytis
- Detailed endocrinologic consultation: complete evaluation of symptoms and correct diagnosis. Recommendations for further investigation of endocrine disorders.
- Thyroid ultrasound: detailed investigation of the structure and function of the thyroid gland to diagnose nodules, cysts or inflammation.
- Ultrasound-guided thyroid puncture: taking thyroid tissue to analyze suspicious nodules with minimal discomfort for the patient.
- Combined package: thyroid puncture and ultrasound: for patients who require both ultrasound evaluation and thyroid puncture, we offer integrated solutions for a complete and efficient diagnosis.
The link between lymph nodes and autoimmune thyroiditis is an important aspect to consider in the diagnosis and management of this condition. Although enlargement of lymph nodes is not a specific symptom, their careful assessment can provide valuable information about the progression of the disease and can help to differentiate autoimmune thyroiditis from other conditions.
At Elytis, we are committed to providing patients with endocrine conditions, including autoimmune thyroiditis, with the highest quality care. Our team of experienced endocrinologists, modern technology and personalized approach enable us to provide effective solutions and improve the quality of life for our patients.
Latest medical review:
06.06.2025, Dr. Adina Anghel - Endocrinology Specialist